sk_model
type: Ontology
title: SemanticKraus Project Ontology
comment: This is the project ontology for SemanticKraus - Connecting Kraus Scholarship to the Linked Data Cloud. It consists entirely of re-used classes and properties from other ontologies. Most notably: FRBRoo 2.4 CIDOC crm 7.1.2 (URIs always resolve to the current version) INTRO [Version pending] Modeling of periodicals very much influenced by PRESSoo
creator: Bernhard Oberreither
version info: BETA 202304

Expression Creation
type: Class
comment: This class comprises activities that result in instances of F2 Expression coming into existence. This class characterises the externalisation of an Individual Work. Although F2 Expression is an abstract entity, a conceptual object, the creation of an expression inevitably also affects the physical world: when you scribble the first draft of a poem on a sheet of paper, you produce an instance of F4 Manifestation Singleton; F28 Expression Creation is a subclass of E12 Production because the recording of the expression causes a physical modification of the carrying E18 Physical Thing. The work becomes manifest by being expressed on a physical carrier different from the creator’s brain. The spatio-temporal circumstances under which the expression is created are necessarily the same spatio-temporal circumstances under which the first instance of F4 Manifestation Singleton is produced. The mechanisms through which oral tradition (of myths, tales, music, etc.) operates are not further investigated in this model. As far as bibliographic practice is concerned, only those instances of F2 Expression that are externalised on physical carriers other than both the creator’s brain and the auditor’s brain are taken into account (for a discussion of the modelling of oral traditions, see: Nicolas, Yann. ‘Folklore Requirements for Bibliographic Records: oral traditions and FRBR.’ In: Cataloging Classification Quarterly (2005). Vol. 39, No. 3-4. P. 179-195). It is possible to use the P2 has type (is type of) property in order to specify that the creation of a given expression of a given work played a particular role with regard to the overall bibliographic history of that work (e.g., that it was the creation of the progenitor expression on which all other expressions of the same work are based; or that it was the creation of the critical edition that served as the basis for canonical references to the work).
subclass of: E12 Production
subclass of: Creation

created
type: Property
comment: This property associates the expression that was first externalised during a particular creation event with that particular creation event.
domain: Expression Creation
range: Expression

was created by
type: Property
domain: Expression
range: Expression Creation

Self-Contained Expression
type: Class
comment: This class comprises the immaterial realisations of individual works at a particular time that are regarded as a complete whole. The quality of wholeness reflects the intention of its creator that this expression should convey the concept of the work. Such a whole can in turn be part of a larger whole. Inherent to the notion of work is the completion of recognisable outcomes of the work. These outcomes, i.e. the Self-Contained Expressions, are regarded as the symbolic equivalents of Individual Works, which form the atoms of a complex work. A Self-Contained Expression may contain expressions or parts of expressions from other work, such as citations or items collected in anthologies. Even though they are incorporated in the Self-Contained Expression, they are not regarded as becoming members of the expressed container work by their inclusion in the expression, but are rather regarded as foreign or referred to elements. F22 Self-Contained Expression can be distinguished from F23 Expression Fragment in that an F23 Expression Fragment was not intended by its creator to make sense by itself. Normally creators would characterise an outcome of a work as finished. In other cases, one could recognise an outcome of a work as complete from the elaboration or logical coherence of its content, or if there is any historical knowledge about the creator deliberately or accidentally never finishing (completing) that particular expression. In all those cases, one would regard an expression as self-contained.
subclass of: Expression

carried out by
type: Property
label: wurde ausgeführt von @de
label: πραγματοποιήθηκε από @el
label: réalisée par @fr
label: realizada por @pt
label: выполнялся @ru
label: 执行者是 @zh
comment: This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity. It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation.
domain: Activity
range: Actor
sub property of: had participant
inverse of: performed

performed
type: Property
label: führte aus @de
label: πραγματοποίησε @el
label: a exécuté @fr
label: executou @pt
label: выполнял @ru
label: 执行 @zh
domain: Actor
range: Activity
sub property of: participated in
inverse of: carried out by

Person
type: Class
label: Πρόσωπο @el
label: Personne @fr
label: Pessoa @pt
label: Личность @ru
label: 人物 @zh
comment: This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CIDOC CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity. In a bibliographic context, a name presented following the conventions usually employed for personal names will be assumed to correspond to an actual real person (an instance of E21 Person), unless evidence is available to indicate that this is not the case. The fact that a persona may erroneously be classified as an instance of E21 Person does not imply that the concept comprises personae.
subclass of: E20 Biological Object
subclass of: Actor

Creation
type: Class
label: Begriffliche Schöpfung @de
label: Δημιουργία @el
label: Création @fr
label: Criação @pt
label: Событие Творения @ru
label: 创建 @zh
comment: This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types etc.
subclass of: Activity
subclass of: Beginning of Existence

Publication Event
type: Class
comment: This class comprises the activities of publishing. Such an event includes the creation of an F24 Publication Expression and setting up the means of production. The end of this event is regarded as the date of publication, regardless of whether the carrier production is started. Publishing can be either physical or electronic. Electronic publishing is regarded as making an instance of F24 Publication Expression available in electronic form on a public network. Electronic Publishing does not mean producing a physical instance of F5 Item by partially electronic means. Making an electronic file available on a physical carrier can be regarded as equivalent to setting up the means of production; downloading the file is regarded as the electronic equivalent of F32 Carrier Production Event.
subclass of: Expression Creation

created
type: Property
comment: This property associates the instance of F24 Publication Expression that was created during a particular F30 Publication Event with that F30 Publication Event.
domain: Publication Event
range: Publication Expression

was created through
type: Property
domain: Publication Expression
range: Publication Event

Publication Expression
type: Class
comment: This class comprises complete sets of signs present in publications, reflecting publishers’ final decisions as to both selection of content and layout of the publications. Frequently the creation of a Publication Expression includes both adding graphical form and fonts to Expressions consisting of words alone and selecting illustrations and other content. As such, an instance of Publication Expression incorporates all Expressions combined for the resulting final form of rendering, whether visual, audio or tactile. An instance of Publication Expression is one entity regardless of the number of independent Expressions published within it, as long as it represents one unit of release. The published third party content can be associated via the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in).
subclass of: Self-Contained Expression

incorporates
type: Property
comment: This property associates an instance of E73 Information Object with an instance of E90 Symbolic Object (or any of its subclasses) that was included in it. This property makes it possible to recognise the autonomous status of the incorporated signs, which were created in a distinct context, and can be incorporated in many instances of E73 Information Object, and to highlight the difference between structural and accidental whole-part relationships between conceptual entities. It accounts for many cultural facts that are quite frequent and significant: the inclusion of a poem in an anthology, the re-use of an operatic aria in a new opera, the use of a reproduction of a painting for a book cover or a CD booklet, the integration of textual quotations, the presence of lyrics in a song that sets those lyrics to music, the presence of the text of a play in a movie based on that play, etc. In particular, this property allows for modelling relationships of different levels of symbolic specificity, such as the natural language words making up a particular text, the characters making up the words and punctuation, the choice of fonts and page layout for the characters. When restricted to information objects, that is, seen as a property with E73 Information Object as domain and range the property is transitive. A digital photograph of a manuscript page incorporates the text of a manuscript page, if the respective text is defined as a sequence of symbols of a particular type, such as Latin characters, and the resolution and quality of the digital image is sufficient to resolve these symbols so they are readable on the digital image. This property is asymmetric.
domain: Information Object
range: Symbolic Object
sub property of: is composed of
inverse of: is incorporated in

is incorporated in
type: Property
domain: Symbolic Object
range: Information Object
sub property of: forms part of
inverse of: incorporates

has time-span
type: Property
label: hat Zeitspanne @de
label: βρισκόταν σε εξέλιξη @el
label: a pour durée @fr
label: tem período de tempo @pt
label: имеет временной отрезок @ru
label: 发生时段是 @zh
comment: This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E2 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to identical declarations or events.
domain: Temporal Entity
range: Time-Span
inverse of: is time-span of

is time-span of
type: Property
label: ist Zeitspanne von @de
label: είναι χρονικό διάστημα του/της @el
label: est la durée de @fr
label: é o período de tempo de @pt
label: является временным отрезком для @ru
label: 是时段 @zh
domain: Time-Span
range: Temporal Entity
inverse of: has time-span

Time-Span
type: Class
label: Zeitspanne @de
label: Χρονικό Διάστημα @el
label: Durée @fr
label: Período de Tempo @pt
label: Интервал Времени @ru
label: 时段 @zh
comment: This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end and a duration. Instances of E52 Time-Span have no semantic connotations about phenomena happening within the temporal extent they represent. They do not convey any meaning other than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The actual extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span can be approximated by properties of E52 Time-Span giving inner and outer bounds in the form of dates (instances of E61 Time Primitive). Comparing knowledge about time-spans is fundamental for chronological reasoning. Some instances of E52 Time-Span may be defined as the actual, in principle observable, temporal extent of instances of E2 Temporal Entity via the property P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span. They constitute phenomenal time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013). Since our knowledge of history is imperfect and physical phenomena are fuzzy in nature, the extent of phenomenal time-spans can only be described in approximation. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an instance of E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. It may, nevertheless, be associated with other descriptions by which we can infer knowledge about it, such as in relative chronologies. Some instances of E52 may be defined precisely as representing a declaration of a temporal extent, as, for instance, done in a business contract. They constitute declarative time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013) and can be described via the property E61 Time Primitive P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time-Span. When used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it will nevertheless describe them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else is known.
subclass of: CRM Entity

begin of the begin
type: Property
label: Anfang des Anfangs @de
label: αρχή της αρχής @el
label: début du début @fr
label: começar do início @pt
label: начать с начала @ru
domain: Time-Span
range: Literal
sub property of: at some time within

end of the end
type: Property
label: Ende vom Ende @de
label: τέλος του τέλους @el
label: fin de la fin @fr
label: fim do fim @pt
label: конец конец @ru
domain: Time-Span
range: Literal
sub property of: at some time within

Performance
type: Class
comment: This class comprises activities that follow the directions of a performance plan, such as a theatrical play, an expression of a choreographic work or a musical work; i.e., they are intended to communicate directly or indirectly to an audience. Such activities can be identified at various levels of granularity, and can be contiguous or not. Any individual performance (with or without intermissions) is a single instance of F31 Performance. In addition, a complete run of performances can also be seen as an instance of F31 Performance, with individual performances as parts. A complete run of performances may comprise an original run plus any of its extensions and tours. Note that a performance plan may be more or less elaborate, and may even foresee just improvisation.
subclass of: Activity

included performed version of
type: Property
comment: This property associates an instance of F31 Performance with a product of the mind that was performed in the course of that instance of F31 Performance. According to the level of knowledge available about the performance, the range of this property can actually be specialised as either an instance of F1 Work (if nothing is known as to which specific expression of the work was performed), or of F2 Expression (if there is a reasonable amount of certainty as to which specific expression—e.g., a well identified translation of a play—of the work was performed). In addition to being a subproperty of P16 used specific object (was used for), this property also is a shortcut of the fully developed path that goes from F31 Performance to F1 Work through: R25 performed F25 Performance Plan P165 incorporates F22 Self-Contained Expression R3i realises. In this fully developed path, the specific instance of F22 Self-Contained Expression can be precisely identified and described for its own sake, or it can just be known to have necessarily existed.
domain: Performance
range: Propositional Object

had a performed version through
type: Property
domain: Propositional Object
range: Performance

has type
type: Property
label: hat den Typus @de
label: έχει τύπο @el
label: est de type @fr
label: é do tipo @pt
label: имеет тип @ru
label: 有类型 @zh
comment: This property allows sub typing of CIDOC CRM entities –a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CIDOC CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CIDOC CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E41 Appellation, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CIDOC CRM hierarchy. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document. This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned to E55 Type.
domain: CRM Entity
range: Type
inverse of: is type of

is type of
type: Property
label: ist Typus von @de
label: είναι ο τύπος του/της @el
label: est le type de @fr
label: é o tipo de @pt
label: является типом для @ru
label: 是类型 @zh
domain: Type
range: CRM Entity
inverse of: has type

Type
type: Class
label: Typus @de
label: Τύπος @el
label: Tipo @pt
label: Тип @ru
label: 类型 @zh
comment: This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CIDOC CRM classes. E55 Type is the CIDOC CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CIDOC CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e., instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type. Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.
subclass of: Conceptual Object

has broader term
type: Property
label: hat den Oberbegriff @de
label: έχει ευρύτερο όρο @el
label: a pour terme générique @fr
label: tem termo genérico @pt
label: имеет вышестоящий термин @ru
label: 上位词 @zh
comment: This property associates an instance of E55 Type with another instance of E55 Type that has a broader meaning. It allows instances of E55 Types to be organised into hierarchies. This is the sense of "broader term generic (BTG)" as defined in ISO 25964-2:2013 (International Organization for Standardization 2013). This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.
domain: Type
range: Type
inverse of: has narrower term

has narrower term
type: Property
label: hat den Unterbegriff @de
label: έχει στενότερο όρο @el
label: a pour terme spécifique @fr
label: tem termo específico @pt
label: имеет нижестоящий термин @ru
label: 下位词 @zh
domain: Type
range: Type
inverse of: has broader term

took place at
type: Property
label: fand statt in @de
label: έλαβε χώρα σε @el
label: a eu lieu dans @fr
label: ocorreu em @pt
label: совершался на @ru
label: 发生地在 @zh
comment: This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period. The related instance of E53 Place should be seen as a wider approximation of the geometric area within which the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred, see below. P7 took place at (witnessed) does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (frequently on the surface of the earth). For example, the period “Révolution française” can be said to have taken place in “France in 1789”; the “Victorian” period may be said to have taken place in “Britain from 1837-1901” and its colonies, as well as other parts of Europe and North America. An instance of E4 Period can take place at multiple non-contiguous, non-overlapping locations. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within to E53 Place. E4 Period is a subclass of E92 Spacetime Volume. By the definition of P161 has spatial projection an instance of E4 Period takes place on all its spatial projections, that is, instances of E53 Place. Something happening at a given place can also be considered to happen at a larger place containing the first. For example, the assault on the Bastille 14-th July 1789 took place in the area covered by Paris in 1789 but also in the area covered by France in 1789.
domain: Period
range: Place
sub property of: has spatial projection
inverse of: witnessed

witnessed
type: Property
label: bezeugte @de
label: υπήρξε τόπος του @el
label: a été témoin de @fr
label: testemunhou @pt
label: был местом совершения @ru
label: 发生过 @zh
domain: Place
range: Period
sub property of: is spatial projection of
inverse of: took place at

Place
type: Class
label: Ort @de
label: Τόπος @el
label: Lieu @fr
label: Local @pt
label: Место @ru
label: 地点 @zh
comment: This class comprises extents in the natural space we live in, in particular on the surface of the Earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. They may serve describing the physical location of things or phenomena or other areas of interest. Geometrically, instances of E53 Place constitute single contiguous areas or a finite aggregation of disjoint areas in space which are each individually contiguous. They may have fuzzy boundaries. The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objects. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, we are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object – H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance. Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of E53 Place. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).
subclass of: CRM Entity

has title
type: Property
label: trägt den Titel @de
label: έχει τίτλο @el
label: a pour titre @fr
label: tem título @pt
label: имеет заголовок @ru
label: 有题名 @zh
comment: This property associates an instance of E35 Title has been applied to an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing. The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the title was a given title, a supplied title etc. It allows any human-made material or immaterial thing to be given a title. It is possible to imagine a title being created without a specific object in mind.
domain: Human-Made Thing
range: Title
sub property of: is identified by
inverse of: is title of

is title of
type: Property
label: ist der Titel von @de
label: είναι τίτλος του/της @el
label: est le titre de @fr
label: é título de @pt
label: является заголовком для @ru
label: 题名是 @zh
domain: Title
range: Human-Made Thing
sub property of: identifies
inverse of: has title

Title
type: Class
label: Titel @de
label: Τίτλος @el
label: Titre @fr
label: Título @pt
label: Заголовок @ru
label: 题名 @zh
comment: This class comprises textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form. Being a subclass of E41 Appellation, E35 Title can only be used when such a string is actually used as a title of a work, such as a text, an artwork, or a piece of music. Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting” or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group. This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.
subclass of: E33 Linguistic Object
subclass of: E41 Appellation

Manifestation Singleton
type: Class
comment: This class comprises physical objects that each carry an instance of F2 Expression, and that were produced as unique objects, with no siblings intended in the course of their production. It should be noted that if all but one copy of a given publication are destroyed, then that copy does not become an instance of F4 Manifestation Singleton, because it was produced together with sibling copies, even though it now happens to be unique. Examples of instances of F4 Manifestation Singleton include manuscripts, preparatory sketches and the final clean draft sent by an author or a composer to a publisher.
subclass of: E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

carries
type: Property
label: trägt @de
label: φέρει @el
label: est le support de @fr
label: é o suporte de @pt
label: несет @ru
label: 承载 @zh
comment: This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing.
domain: E18 Physical Thing
range: Symbolic Object
sub property of: shows features of
inverse of: is carried by

is carried by
type: Property
label: wird getragen von @de
label: φέρεται από @el
label: a pour support @fr
label: é suportado por @pt
label: переносится посредством @ru
label: 被承载 @zh
domain: Symbolic Object
range: E18 Physical Thing
sub property of: features are also found on
inverse of: carries

Information Object
type: Class
label: Informationsgegenstand @de
label: Πληροφοριακό Αντικείμενο @el
label: Objet d'information @fr
label: Objeto de Informação @pt
label: Информационный Объект @ru
label: 信息对象 @zh
comment: This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a "named graph" also falls under this class, so that each "named graph" is an instance of E73 Information Object. An instance of E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.
subclass of: Propositional Object
subclass of: Symbolic Object

has created
type: Property
label: hat erschaffen @de
label: δημιούργησε @el
label: a créé @fr
label: criou @pt
label: создал @ru
label: 已创建了 @zh
comment: This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.
domain: Creation
range: Conceptual Object
sub property of: brought into existence
inverse of: was created by

was created by
type: Property
label: wurde erschaffen durch @de
label: δημιουργήθηκε από @el
label: a été créé par @fr
label: foi criado por @pt
label: был создан посредством @ru
label: 被创建 @zh
domain: Conceptual Object
range: Creation
sub property of: was brought into existence by
inverse of: has created

used specific object
type: Property
label: benutzte das bestimmte Objekt @de
label: χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο @el
label: a utilisé l'objet spécifique @fr
label: usou objeto específico @pt
label: использовал особый объект @ru
label: 使用特定对象 @zh
comment: This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity. This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer. Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.
domain: E7 Activity
range: E70 Thing
sub property of: occurred in the presence of
sub property of: P15 was influenced by
inverse of: was used for

was used for
type: Property
label: wurde benutzt für @de
label: χρησιμοποιήθηκε για @el
label: a été utilisé pour @fr
label: foi usado por @pt
label: был использован для @ru
label: 用于 @zh
domain: E70 Thing
range: E7 Activity
sub property of: was present at
sub property of: P15i influenced
inverse of: used specific object

has component
type: Property
comment: This property associates an F2 Expression X with a structural component Y that conveys in itself the complete concept of a work that is member of (R10) the overall work realized by X. It does not cover the relationship that exists between pre-existing expressions that are re-used in a new, larger expression and that new, larger expression. Such a relationship is modelled by P165 incorporates.
domain: Expression
range: Self-Contained Expression

is component of
type: Property
domain: Self-Contained Expression
range: Expression

INT16 Segment
type: Class
subclass of: Information Object
comment: This class comprises expressions (e.g. texts represented as F22 Self-contained Expressions) or parts thereof as they are represented in F24 Publication Expressions. INT16 Segments can be located inside the F24 Publication Expression or their physical carriers by means of page numbers etc. and are thus identifiable (and citable). They are not identical to/subclasses of F24 Publication Expressions, since they only make a part of it (whereas the F24 definition means the "overall content" of a publication); they are not identical to F22 Self Contained Expressions, since they have distinct bibliographical metadata and are not necessarily 'complete' in any sense; they are not identical to F23 Expression Fragments, because they are not seperated from their original context. The INT16 Segment can be linked to a F22 Self-contained Expression or a INT1 Text passage through CIDOC-CRMs "P165 incorporates". It can be linked to a physical carrier through "P128 is carried by".

R16 is incorporated in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Information Object
range: INT16 Segment
comment: This property states that an E73 Information Object is incorporated in an INT16 Segment like e.g. a F22 Self-contained Expression or an INT1 Text Passage in an INT16 Segment of an F24 Publication Expression.

pageStart
type: Property
domain includes: Chapter
domain includes: Article
domain includes: PublicationVolume
domain includes: PublicationIssue
range includes: Integer
range includes: Text
comment: The page on which the work starts; for example "135" or "xiii".
source: source bibex
equivalent property: pageStart

pageEnd
type: Property
domain includes: PublicationVolume
domain includes: PublicationIssue
domain includes: Chapter
domain includes: Article
source: source bibex
range includes: Integer
range includes: Text
equivalent property: pageEnd
comment: The page on which the work ends; for example "138" or "xvi".

pagination
type: Property
domain includes: PublicationVolume
domain includes: PublicationIssue
domain includes: Chapter
domain includes: Article
equivalent property: pages
source: source bibex
range includes: Text
comment: Any description of pages that is not separated into pageStart and pageEnd; for example, "1-6, 9, 55" or "10-12, 46-49".

R41 has location
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: INT16 Segment
range: string
comment: Defines the location of an INT16 Segment in e.g. a F24 Publication Expression, e.g. by giving page or paragraph numbers.

is identified by
type: Property
label: wird bezeichnet als @de
label: αναγνωρίζεται ως @el
label: est identifiée par @fr
label: é identificado por @pt
label: идентифицируется посредством @ru
label: 被标识为 @zh
comment: This property describes the naming or identification of any real-world item by a name or any other identifier. This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e., indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment. This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140i was attributed by, E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned to E42 Identifier. It is also a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P1 is identified by, E41 Appellation, P139 has alternative form to E41 Appellation.
domain: CRM Entity
range: E41 Appellation
inverse of: identifies

identifies
type: Property
label: bezeichnet @de
label: είναι αναγνωριστικό @el
label: identifie @fr
label: identifica @pt
label: идентифицирует @ru
label: 标识 @zh
domain: E41 Appellation
range: CRM Entity
inverse of: is identified by

Linguistic Appellation
type: Class
subclass of: E33 Linguistic Object
subclass of: E41 Appellation

is composed of
type: Property
label: ist zusammengesetzt aus @de
label: αποτελείται από @el
label: est composé de @fr
label: é composto de @pt
label: составлен из @ru
label: 组成成分是 @zh
comment: This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image. This property is transitive asymmetric.
domain: Symbolic Object
range: Symbolic Object
inverse of: forms part of

forms part of
type: Property
label: bildet Teil von @de
label: αποτελεί μέρος του/της @el
label: fait partie de @fr
label: faz parte de @pt
label: формирует часть @ru
label: 构成部分 @zh
domain: Symbolic Object
range: Symbolic Object
inverse of: is composed of

Symbolic Object
type: Class
label: Symbolisches Objekt @de
label: 符号对象 @zh
comment: This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units. It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string. In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note and its subproperty P190 has symbolic content allow for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g., "bit", "Latin character", RGB pixel).
subclass of: Conceptual Object
subclass of: E72 Legal Object

Identifier
type: Class
label: Kennung @de
label: Κωδικός Αναγνώρισης @el
label: Identificateur d'objet @fr
label: Identificador de Objeto @pt
label: Идентификатор Объекта @ru
label: 标识符 @zh
comment: This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. Postal addresses, telephone numbers, URLs and e-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents.
subclass of: E41 Appellation

value
type: Property
comment: Idiomatic property used for structured values.
domain: Resource
range: Resource

place is defined by
type: Property
comment: This property associates an instance of E53 Place with an instance of E94 Space Primitive that defines it. Syntactic variants or use of different scripts may result in multiple instances of E94 Space Primitive defining exactly the same place. Transformations between different reference systems always result in new definitions of places approximating each other and not in alternative definitions.
domain: Place
range: Literal

occurred in the presence of
type: Property
label: fand statt im Beisein von @de
label: συνέβη παρουσία του/της @el
label: est arrivé en présence de @fr
label: ocorreu na presença de @pt
label: появился в присутствии @ru
label: 已出现 @zh
comment: This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role. It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide us with constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event.
domain: Event
range: Persistent Item
inverse of: was present at

was present at
type: Property
label: war anwesend bei @de
label: ήταν παρών/παρούσα/παρόν σε @el
label: était présent à @fr
label: estava presente no @pt
label: присутствовал при @ru
label: 出现在 @zh
domain: Persistent Item
range: Event
inverse of: occurred in the presence of

Event
type: Class
label: Ereignis @de
label: Συμβάν @el
label: Événement @fr
label: Evento @pt
label: Событие @ru
label: 事件 @zh
comment: This class comprises distinct, delimited and coherent processes and interactions of a material nature, in cultural, social or physical systems, involving and affecting instances of E77 Persistent Item in a way characteristic of the kind of process. Typical examples are meetings, births, deaths, actions of decision taking, making or inventing things, but also more complex and extended ones such as conferences, elections, building of a castle, or battles. While the continuous growth of a tree lacks the limits characteristic of an event, its germination from a seed does qualify as an event. Similarly, the blowing of the wind lacks the distinctness and limits of an event, but a hurricane, flood or earthquake would qualify as an event. Mental processes are considered as events, in cases where they are connected with the material externalization of their results; for example, the creation of a poem, a performance or a change of intention that becomes obvious from subsequent actions or declarations. The effects of an instance of E5 Event may not lead to relevant permanent changes of properties or relations of the items involved in it, for example an unrecorded performance. Of course, in order to be documented, some kind of evidence for an event must exist, be it witnesses, traces or products of the event. While instances of E4 Period always require some form of coherence between its constituent phenomena, in addition, the essential constituents of instances of E5 Event should contribute to an overall effect; for example, the statements made during a meeting and the listening of the audience. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an instance of E5 Event may appear as if it had an ‘instantaneous’ overall effect, but any process or interaction of material nature in reality have an extent in time and space. At a fine level, instances of E5 Event may be analysed into component phenomena and phases within a space and timeframe, and as such can be seen as a period, regardless of th…
subclass of: Period

R10 has Text Passage
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R10 is Text Passage of
domain: Information Object
range: INT1 TextPassage
comment: Links a work or an expression (ideally: a F24 Publication Expression) to a INT1 Text passage from that text, e.g. the book with the ISBN 978-0307278630 to a passage on page three of this book.

R10 is Text Passage of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R10 has Text Passage
domain: INT1 TextPassage
range: Information Object
comment: Links an INT1 Text Passage from a text to that text (work or expression, ideally: a F24 Publication Expression), e.g. a passage on page three of the book with the ISBN 978-0307278630 to that book.

INT1 TextPassage
type: Class
subclass of: Expression
comment: The "INT1 TextPassage" is a means of modelling an identifiable part of an E73 Information Object or its subclasses – without that part being removed from its source Information Object. (In contrast, FRBRoo's 'Expression Fragment' is by definition a result of an accidental or deliberate isolation separating the fragment from its source text.) Examples: The words 'Abandon all hope ye who enter here' from page 3 of the publication identified by the ISBN 978-0307278630. The first four lines of Rilke's poem "Archaischer Torso Apollos" The last item on a shopping list.

R44 has wording
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: INT16 Segment
  union of: INT1 TextPassage
comment: Links an INT1 Text Passage to a data string providing the exact wording of the text passage.

INT3 Intertextual Relationship
type: Class
subclass of: Conceptual Object
comment: This class is meant for the abstract notion of an intertextual relationship as it is identified by a reader (and is not to be confused with the rhetorical entity 'quotation'). Every INT3 Intertextual Relationship has at least 2 related entities, which are texts (on any ontological level) or INT2 Actualizations of Features. An INT3 Intertextual Relationship is possibly identified in an interpretative.

R24 has related entity
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R24 is related entity
domain: INT3 Intertextual Relationship
range: Class
  union of: Information Object
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 ArchitextualEntity
comment: Links any INT3 Intertextual Relationship to a text (on any ontological level) or INT2 Actualization of Feature that is part of the INT3 Intertextual Relationship.

R24 is related entity
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R24 has related entity
domain: Class
  union of: Information Object
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 ArchitextualEntity
range: INT3 Intertextual Relationship
comment: Links any text (on any ontological level) or INT2 Actualization of Feature to the INT3 Intertextual Relationship it is a part of.

R12 has referred to entity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: R24 has related entity
inverse of: R12 is referred to entity
domain: INT3 Intertextual Relationship
range: Class
  union of: Information Object
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 ArchitextualEntity
comment: Links an INT3 Intertextual Relationship to the entity referred to in the intertextual relationship (a text on any ontological level or a feature actualized in the text in question).

R12 is referred to entity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: R24 is related entity
domain: Class
  union of: Information Object
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 ArchitextualEntity
range: INT3 Intertextual Relationship
comment: Links the referred tp entity (a text on any ontological level or a feature actualized in a text) to the INT3 Intertextual Relationship it is a part of.

R13 has referring entity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: R24 has related entity
inverse of: R13 is referring entity
domain: INT3 Intertextual Relationship
range: Class
  union of: Information Object
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 ArchitextualEntity
comment: Links an INT3 Intertextual Relationship to a referring entity (a text on any ontological level or a feature actualized in the text in question).

R13 is referring entity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: R24 is related entity
domain: Class
  union of: Information Object
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 ArchitextualEntity
range: INT3 Intertextual Relationship
comment: Links the referring entity (a text on any ontological level or a feature actualized in a text) to the INT3 Intertextual Relationship it is a part of.

R18 actualization found on
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R18 shows actualization
domain: INT2 Actualization of Feature
range: Class
  union of: Information Object
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 ArchitextualEntity
comment: Links an INT2 Actualization of Feature to the text (on any ontological level) or another INT2 Actualization of Feature it is found on. (Actualizations found on actualizations - in cases where, e.g., the actualization of the feature "Individual Character" can be read as the actualization of the feature "Character Type".)

R18 shows actualization
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Information Object
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 ArchitextualEntity
range: INT2 Actualization of Feature
comment: Links a text (on any ontological level) or an INT2 Actualization of Feature to an INT2 Actualization of Feature found on it. (Actualizations found on actualizations - in cases where, e.g., the actualization of the feature "Individual Character" can be read as the actualization of the feature "Character Type".)

INT2 Actualization of Feature
type: Class
subclass of: Conceptual Object
comment: The fact that a certain text shows - in its own specific way - a certain feature (which itself is an abstract concept and takes form in many texts), e.g. a motif, an atmosphere, a theme, a figure of speech. Examples: - the specific actualization of the motif of patricide in Sophokles' 'Ödipus Rex'. - the specific actualization of the Faust-subject in Goethe's 'Faust'. - the specific actualization of the iambic pentameter in Rilke's 'Archaischer Torso Apollos".

R17 actualizes feature
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R17 feature actualized in
domain: INT2 Actualization of Feature
range: INT4 Receptional Entity
comment: Links the specific INT2 Actualization of Feature to the (abstract concept of the) feature it actualizes, a INT4 Receptional Entity.

R17 feature actualized in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R17 actualizes feature
domain: INT4 Receptional Entity
range: INT2 Actualization of Feature
comment: Links the INT4 Receptional Entity, the feature, to an INT2 Actualization of Feature (that is itself linked to a specific text).

INT18 Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Propositional Object
subclass of: INT9 Semantic Feature
comment: This class comprises mentions of – usually: real – identifiable objects of any kind. It's use is not restricted to, but makes the most sense in non-fictional texts.

refers to
type: Property
label: verweist auf @de
label: αναφέρεται σε @el
label: fait référence à @fr
label: referencia @pt
label: ссылается на @ru
label: 涉及 @zh
comment: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object.
domain: Propositional Object
range: CRM Entity
inverse of: is referred to by

is referred to by
type: Property
label: wird angeführt von @de
label: αναφέρεται από @el
label: est référencé par @fr
label: é referenciado por @pt
label: имеет ссылку на себя от @ru
label: 被涉及 @zh
domain: CRM Entity
range: Propositional Object
inverse of: refers to

sameAs
type: Property
comment: The property that determines that two given individuals are equal.
domain: Thing
range: Thing

Birth
type: Class
label: Geburt @de
label: Γέννηση @el
label: Naissance @fr
label: Nascimento @pt
label: Рождение @ru
label: 出生 @zh
comment: This class comprises the births of human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living being). Twins, triplets etc. are typically brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. The introduction of E67 Birth as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood with the intervention of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the birth.
subclass of: Beginning of Existence

brought into life
type: Property
label: brachte zur Welt @de
label: έφερε στη ζωή @el
label: a donné vie à @fr
label: trouxe à vida @pt
label: породил @ru
label: 诞生了 @zh
comment: This property links an instance of E67 Birth event to an instance of E21 Person in the role of offspring. Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.
domain: Birth
range: Person
sub property of: brought into existence
inverse of: was born

was born
type: Property
label: wurde geboren durch @de
label: γεννήθηκε @el
label: est né @fr
label: veio à vida pelo @pt
label: был рожден @ru
label: 被诞生 @zh
domain: Person
range: Birth
sub property of: was brought into existence by
inverse of: brought into life

Death
type: Class
label: Tod @de
label: Θάνατος @el
label: Mort @fr
label: Morte @pt
label: Смерть @ru
label: 死亡 @zh
comment: This class comprises the deaths of human beings. If a person is killed, the death should be documented as an instance of both E69 Death and E7 Activity. The death or perishing of other living beings should be documented as instances of E64 End of Existence.
subclass of: End of Existence

was death of
type: Property
label: Tod von @de
label: ήταν θάνατος του/της @el
label: a été la mort de @fr
label: foi a morte para @pt
label: был смертью для @ru
label: 死亡的是 @zh
comment: This property links an instance of E69 Death to the instance of E21 Person that died. An instance of E69 Death may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster. This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people.
domain: Death
range: Person
sub property of: took out of existence
inverse of: died in

died in
type: Property
label: starb in @de
label: πέθανε σε @el
label: est mort par @fr
label: morreu em @pt
label: умер в @ru
label: 死于 @zh
domain: Person
range: Death
sub property of: was taken out of existence by
inverse of: was death of

had participant
type: Property
label: hatte Teilnehmer @de
label: είχε συμμέτοχο @el
label: a eu pour participant @fr
label: tem participante @pt
label: имел участника @ru
label: 有参与者 @zh
comment: This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event. It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide us with constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e., instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction. The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.
domain: Event
range: Actor
sub property of: occurred in the presence of
inverse of: participated in

participated in
type: Property
label: nahm Teil an @de
label: συμμετείχε σε @el
label: a participé à @fr
label: participa em @pt
label: участвовал в @ru
label: 参与 @zh
domain: Actor
range: Event
sub property of: was present at
inverse of: had participant

inLanguage
type: Property
domain includes: PronounceableText
domain includes: LinkRole
domain includes: CreativeWork
domain includes: WriteAction
domain includes: Event
domain includes: BroadcastService
domain includes: CommunicateAction
range includes: Text
range includes: Language
source: https://github.com/schemaorg/schemaorg/issues/2382
comment: The language of the content or performance or used in an action. Please use one of the language codes from the [IETF BCP 47 standard](http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47). See also availableLanguage.

Pursuit
type: Class
comment: This class comprises periods of continuous activity of an Actor in a specific professional or creative domain or field.
subclass of: Activity

falls within
type: Property
label: fällt in @de
label: εμπίπτει @el
label: s’insère dans le cours de @fr
label: está contido em @pt
label: находится в пределах @ru
label: 属于 @zh
comment: This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that falls within the latter. In other words, all points in the former are also points in the latter. This property is transitive and reflexive.
domain: E92 Spacetime Volume
range: E92 Spacetime Volume
sub property of: spatiotemporally overlaps with
inverse of: contains

contains
type: Property
label: enthält @de
label: περιλαμβάνει @el
label: contient @fr
label: contém @pt
label: содержит @ru
label: 包含 @zh
domain: E92 Spacetime Volume
range: E92 Spacetime Volume
sub property of: spatiotemporally overlaps with
inverse of: falls within

Period
type: Class
label: Phase @de
label: Περίοδος @el
label: Période @fr
label: Período @pt
label: Период @ru
label: 时期 @zh
comment: This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space. It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an instance of E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods. Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore, E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical birth, an instance of E67 Birth, can be seen as both a single event, i.e., an instance of E5 Event, and as an extended period, i.e., an instance of E4 Period, that consists of multiple physical processes and complementary activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor. As the actual extent of an instance of E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we assume the spatiotemporal extent to b…
subclass of: Temporal Entity
subclass of: E92 Spacetime Volume

Joining
type: Class
label: Beitritt @de
label: 加入 @zh
comment: This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor becoming a member of an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party. Typical scenarios include becoming a member of a social organisation, becoming employee of a company, marriage, the adoption of a child by a family and the inauguration of somebody into an official position.
subclass of: Activity

joined
type: Property
label: verband @de
label: 加入 @zh
comment: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining. Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).
domain: Joining
range: Actor
sub property of: had participant
inverse of: was joined by

was joined by
type: Property
label: wurde verbunden durch @de
label: 被加入 @zh
domain: Actor
range: Joining
sub property of: participated in
inverse of: joined

joined with
type: Property
label: verband mit @de
label: 加入 @zh
comment: This property identifies the instance of E74 Group of which an instance of E39 Actor becomes a member through an instance of E85 Joining. Although a joining activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which becoming member of one Group implies becoming member of another Group as well. Joining events allow for describing people becoming members of a group with a more detailed path from E74 Group through, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of). The property P144.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.
domain: Joining
range: Group
sub property of: had participant
inverse of: gained member by

gained member by
type: Property
label: erwarb Mitglied durch @de
label: 获得成员 @zh
domain: Group
range: Joining
sub property of: participated in
inverse of: joined with

Group
type: Class
label: Menschliche Gruppe @de
label: Ομάδα @el
label: Groupe @fr
label: Grupo @pt
label: Группа @ru
label: 团体 @zh
comment: This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of human individuals or groups that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e., a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group. A gathering of people becomes an instance of E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modelled as membership in an instance of E74 Group. Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group.
subclass of: Actor

Leaving
type: Class
label: Austritt @de
label: 离开 @zh
comment: This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor to be disassociated from an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party. Typical scenarios include the termination of membership in a social organisation, ending the employment at a company, divorce, and the end of tenure of somebody in an official position.
subclass of: Activity

separated
type: Property
label: entließ @de
label: 离开 @zh
comment: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that leaves an instance of E74 Group through an instance of E86 Leaving.
domain: Leaving
range: Actor
sub property of: had participant
inverse of: left by

left by
type: Property
label: wurde entlassen durch @de
label: 留下 @zh
domain: Actor
range: Leaving
sub property of: participated in
inverse of: separated

separated from
type: Property
label: entließ von @de
label: 脱离 @zh
comment: This property identifies the instance of E74 Group an instance of E39 Actor leaves through an instance of E86 Leaving. Although a leaving activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which leaving one E74 Group implies leaving another E74 Group as well.
domain: Leaving
range: Group
sub property of: had participant
inverse of: lost member by

lost member by
type: Property
label: verlor Mitglied durch @de
label: 失去成员 @zh
domain: Group
range: Leaving
sub property of: participated in
inverse of: separated from

Activity
type: Class
label: Handlung @de
label: Δράση @el
label: Activité @fr
label: Atividade @pt
label: Деятельность @ru
label: 活动 @zh
comment: This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.
subclass of: Event

wasDerivedFrom
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The more specific subproperties of prov:wasDerivedFrom (i.e., prov:wasQuotedFrom, prov:wasRevisionOf, prov:hadPrimarySource) should be used when applicable.
domain: Entity
range: Entity
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy
property chain axiom: qualifiedDerivation
property chain axiom: entity
category: starting-point
component: derivations
definition: A derivation is a transformation of an entity into another, an update of an entity resulting in a new one, or the construction of a new entity based on a pre-existing entity.
inverse: hadDerivation
qualified form: Derivation
qualified form: qualifiedDerivation

Bibliographic Resource
comment: A book, article, or other documentary resource.
type: Class
issued: 2008-01-14

Entity
type: Class
disjoint with: InstantaneousEvent
category: starting-point
component: entities-activities
constraints: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/REC-prov-constraints-20130430/#prov-dm-constraints-fig
definition: An entity is a physical, digital, conceptual, or other kind of thing with some fixed aspects; entities may be real or imaginary.
dm: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/REC-prov-dm-20130430/#term-entity
n: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/REC-prov-n-20130430/#expression-Entity

Bibliographic Citation
comment: A bibliographic reference for the resource.
description: Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.
type: Property
range: Literal
sub property of: identifier
issued: 2003-02-15

atLocation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The Location of any resource.
comment: This property has multiple RDFS domains to suit multiple OWL Profiles. See PROV-O OWL Profile.
domain: Class
  union of: Activity
  union of: Agent
  union of: Entity
  union of: InstantaneousEvent
range: Location
category: expanded
editorial note: The naming of prov:atLocation parallels prov:atTime, and is not named prov:hadLocation to avoid conflicting with the convention that prov:had* properties are used on prov:Influence classes.
editorial note: This property is not functional because the many values could be at a variety of granularies (In this building, in this room, in that chair).
inverse: locationOf
shares definition with: Location

Actor
type: Class
label: Akteur @de
label: Δράστης @el
label: Agent @fr
label: Agente @pt
label: Агент @ru
label: 参与者 @zh
comment: This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which someone may be held responsible.
subclass of: Persistent Item

Persistent Item
type: Class
label: Seiendes @de
label: Ον @el
label: Entité persistante @fr
label: Entidade Persistente @pt
label: Постоянная Сущность @ru
label: 持久项 @zh
comment: This class comprises items that have persistent characteristics of structural nature substantially related to their identity and their integrity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. Persistent Items may be physical entities, such as people, animals or things, conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or even names. Instances of E77 Persistent Item may be present or be part of interactions in different periods or events. They can repeatedly be recognized at disparate occasions during their existence by characteristics of structural nature. The respective characteristics need not be exactly the same during all the existence of an instance of E77 Persistent Item. Often, they undergo gradual change, still bearing some similarities with that of previous times, or disappear completely and new emerge. For instance, a person, from the time of being born on, will gradually change all its features and acquire new ones, such as a scar. Even the DNA in different body cells will develop defects and mutations. Nevertheless, relevant characteristics used should be sufficiently similar to recognize the instance for some substantial period of time. The more specific criteria that determine the identity of instances of subclasses of E77 Persistent Item may vary considerably and are described or referred to in the respective scope notes. The decision about which exact criteria to use depends on whether the observable behaviour of the respective part of reality such confined conforms to the reasoning the user is interested in. For example, a building can be regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria, such as being bodily separated from other persons. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to ex…
subclass of: CRM Entity

Conceptual Object
type: Class
label: Begrifflicher Gegenstand @de
label: Νοητικό Αντικείμενο @el
label: Objet conceptuel @fr
label: Objeto Conceitual @pt
label: Концептуальный Объект @ru
label: 概念对象 @zh
comment: This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historical implication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers. Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc. They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.
subclass of: Human-Made Thing

Human-Made Thing
type: Class
comment: This class comprises discrete, identifiable human-made items that are documented as single units. These items are either intellectual products or human-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures.
subclass of: Thing

Thing
type: Class
label: Sache @de
label: Πράγμα @el
label: Chose @fr
label: Coisa @pt
label: Вещь @ru
label: 事物 @zh
comment: This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability. They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.
subclass of: Persistent Item

CRM Entity
type: Class
label: CRM Entität @de
label: Οντότητα CIDOC CRM @el
label: Entité CRM @fr
label: Entidade CRM @pt
label: CRM Сущность @ru
label: CRM实体 @zh
comment: This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties: Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to Attachment of free text and other unstructured data for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties All other classes within the CIDOC CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.

Temporal Entity
type: Class
label: Geschehendes @de
label: Έγχρονη Οντότητα @el
label: Entité temporelle @fr
label: Entidade Temporal @pt
label: Временная Сущность @ru
label: 时序实体 @zh
comment: This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice. In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.
subclass of: CRM Entity

Beginning of Existence
type: Class
label: Daseinsbeginn @de
label: Αρχή Ύπαρξης @el
label: Début d'existence @fr
label: Início da Existência @pt
label: Начало Существования @ru
label: 初始 @zh
comment: This class comprises events that bring into existence any instance of E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a “terminus post quem” or “terminus ante quem”.
subclass of: Event

End of Existence
type: Class
label: Daseinsende @de
label: Τέλος Ύπαρξης @el
label: Fin d'existence @fr
label: Fim da Existência @pt
label: Конец Существования @ru
label: 结束 @zh
comment: This class comprises events that end the existence of any instance of E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a “terminus post quem” or “terminus ante quem”. In cases where substance from an instance of E77 Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented as instances of E81 Transformation.
subclass of: Event

Physical Human-Made Thing
type: Class
comment: This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, Human-Made objects, such as a sword, and Human-Made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Instances of Human-Made thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even Human-Made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation. Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new Human-Made thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as physical Human-Made things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it Human-Made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of a physical Human-Made thing may continue to be non-Human-Made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop.
subclass of: E18 Physical Thing
subclass of: Human-Made Thing

Propositional Object
type: Class
label: Aussagenobjekt @de
label: 命题对象 @zh
comment: This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse. This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
subclass of: Conceptual Object

Expression
type: Class
comment: This class comprises the intellectual or artistic realisations of works in the form of identifiable immaterial objects, such as texts, poems, jokes, musical or choreographic notations, movement pattern, sound pattern, images, multimedia objects, or any combination of such forms that have objectively recognisable structures. The substance of F2 Expression is signs. Expressions cannot exist without a physical carrier, but do not depend on a specific physical carrier and can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. Carriers may include human memory. Inasmuch as the form of F2 Expression is an inherent characteristic of the F2 Expression, any change in form (e.g., from alpha-numeric notation to spoken word, a poem created in capitals and rendered in lower case) is a new F2 Expression. Similarly, changes in the intellectual conventions or instruments that are employed to express a work (e.g., translation from one language to another) result in the creation of a new F2 Expression. Thus, if a text is revised or modified, the resulting F2 Expression is considered to be a new F2 Expression. Minor changes, such as corrections of spelling and punctuation, etc., are normally considered variations within the same F2 Expression. On a practical level, the degree to which distinctions are made between variant expressions of a work will depend to some extent on the nature of the F1 Work itself, and on the anticipated needs of users. The genre of the work may provide an indication of which features are essential to the expression. In some cases, aspects of physical form, such as typeface and page layout, are not integral to the intellectual or artistic realisation of the work as such, and therefore are not distinctive criteria for the respective expressions. For another work, features such as layout may be essential. For instance, the author or a graphic designer may wrap a poem around an image. An expression of a work may include expressions of other works within it. For instan…
subclass of: Information Object

INT9 Semantic Feature
type: Class
subclass of: INT4 Receptional Entity
comment: This class comprises every semantic aspect of a text: from the common notions of 'plot' or 'character' up to the specific classification of forms such as 'situational motif'. (Subclasses are still object to further refinement and addition; to indicate their provisional status they are not numbered.)

INT4 Receptional Entity
type: Class
subclass of: Conceptual Object
comment: This class comprises features that 'are in' or 'can be found in' or 'can be read out of' a text, apart from the wording itself. INT2 Actualizations of these features are the results of a mental process that is applied to a text and that made out distinct abstract concepts which are themselves seperate from the text and take a specific, yet identifiable form in the text. This class therefore has an extremely wide scope, its subclasses are open to additions and are to be populated from relevant reference works (e.g. the subclass 'Rhetorical Entity' could contain concepts based on Lausberg's 'Handbook of Literary Rhetoric', many lemmata from the 'Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms' could populate the subclass "Formal Entity" and so on). It is highly likely (and welcome) that the instances of subclasses or sub-subclasses of the class 'receptional Entity' are instances or sub-subclasses of more than one subclass (e.g. that a rhetorical entity is at the same time a semantic entity as in the case of an 'argument' or 'narrator').

at some time within
type: Property
label: irgendwann innerhalb von @de
label: κάποτε εντός @el
label: couvre au plus @fr
label: abrange no máximo @pt
label: некоторое время в течение @ru
label: 最长范围是 @zh
comment: This property describes the maximum period of time within which an E52 Time-Span falls. Since Time-Spans may not have precisely known temporal extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about the minimum and maximum temporal extents of Time-Spans. This property allows a Time-Span’s maximum temporal extent (i.e., its outer boundary) to be assigned an E61 Time Primitive value. Time Primitives are treated by the CIDOC CRM as application or system specific date intervals, and are not further analysed. If different sources of evidence justify different maximum extents without contradicting each other, the resulting intersection of all these extents will be the best estimate. This should be taken into account for information integration.
domain: Time-Span
range: Literal

has spatial projection
type: Property
comment: This property associates an instance of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with an instance of E53 Place that is the result of the spatial projection of the instance of the E92 Spacetime Volume on a reference space. In general, there can be more than one useful reference space (for reference space see P156 occupies and P157 is at rest relative to) to describe the spatial projection of a spacetime volume, for example, in describing a sea battle, the difference between the battle ship and the seafloor as reference spaces. Thus, it can be seen that the projection is not unique. The spatial projection is the actual spatial coverage of a spacetime volume, which normally has fuzzy boundaries except for instances of E92 Spacetime Volumes which are geometrically defined in the same reference system as the range of this property are an exception to this and do not have fuzzy boundaries. Modelling explicitly fuzzy spatial projections serves therefore as a common topological reference of different spatial approximations rather than absolute geometric determination, for instance for relating outer or inner spatial boundaries for the respective spacetime volumes. In case the domain of an instance of P161 has spatial projection is an instance of E4 Period, the spatial projection describes all areas that period was ever present at, for instance, the Roman Empire. This property is part of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place, which in turn is implied by P156 occupies (is occupied by). This property is part of the fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within (contains) to E53 Place, which in turn is shortcut by P7 took place at (witnessed).
domain: E92 Spacetime Volume
range: Place
inverse of: is spatial projection of

is spatial projection of
type: Property
domain: Place
range: E92 Spacetime Volume
inverse of: has spatial projection

shows features of
type: Property
label: zeigt Merkmale von @de
label: παρουσιάζει χαρακτηριστικά του/της @el
label: présente des caractéristiques de @fr
label: apresenta características de @pt
label: демонстрирует признаки @ru
label: 显示特征 @zh
comment: This property generalises the notions of "copy of" and "similar to" into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns. The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”. If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e., that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.
domain: Thing
range: Thing
inverse of: features are also found on

features are also found on
type: Property
label: Merkmale auch auf @de
label: χαρακτηριστικά του βρίσκονται επίσης σε @el
label: a des caractéristiques se trouvant aussi sur @fr
label: características são também encontradas em @pt
label: признаки также найдены на @ru
label: 发现特征 @zh
domain: Thing
range: Thing
inverse of: shows features of

brought into existence
type: Property
label: brachte in Existenz @de
label: γέννησε @el
label: a fait exister @fr
label: trouxe à existência @pt
label: создал @ru
label: 导致存在的是 @zh
comment: This property links an instance of E63 Beginning of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item brought into existence by it. It allows a “start” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented, i.e., as instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation and E55 Type.
domain: Beginning of Existence
range: Persistent Item
sub property of: occurred in the presence of
inverse of: was brought into existence by

was brought into existence by
type: Property
label: wurde in Existenz gebracht durch @de
label: γεννήθηκε από @el
label: a commencé à exister du fait de @fr
label: passou a existir por @pt
label: был создан посредством @ru
label: 使导致存在 @zh
domain: Persistent Item
range: Beginning of Existence
sub property of: was present at
inverse of: brought into existence

took out of existence
type: Property
label: beendete die Existenz von @de
label: αναίρεσε @el
label: a fait cesser d’exister @fr
label: cessou a existência de @pt
label: положил конец существованию @ru
label: 结束存在的是 @zh
comment: This property links an instance of E64 End of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it. In the case of immaterial things, the instance of E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier. This allows an “end” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented i.e., instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation and E55 Type. For many instances of E77 Persistent Item we know the maximum life-span and can infer that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an instance of E64 End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation.
domain: End of Existence
range: Persistent Item
sub property of: occurred in the presence of
inverse of: was taken out of existence by

was taken out of existence by
type: Property
label: wurde seiner Existenz beraubt durch @de
label: αναιρέθηκε από @el
label: a cessé d’exister du fait de @fr
label: deixou de existir @pt
label: прекратил существование посредством @ru
label: 被结束存在 @zh
domain: Persistent Item
range: End of Existence
sub property of: was present at
inverse of: took out of existence

spatiotemporally overlaps with
type: Property
comment: This symmetric property associates two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that have some of their extents in common. If only the fuzzy boundaries of the instances of E92 Spacetime Volume overlap, this property cannot be determined from observation alone and therefore should not be applied. However, there may be other forms of justification that the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume must have some of their extents in common regardless of where and when precisely. If this property holds for two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume then it cannot be the case that P133 is spatiotemporally separated from also holds for the same two instances. Furthermore, there are cases where neither P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with nor P133 is spatiotemporally separated from holds between two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. This would occur where only an overlap of the fuzzy boundaries of the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume occurs and no other evidence is available. This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric. This property is reflexive.
domain: E92 Spacetime Volume
range: E92 Spacetime Volume